Color is the most intuitive optical property of gems. It is the most important single indicator when identifying gems with the naked eye. It is also an important factor in determining gem grade and value.
The white light we usually see is composed of seven different colors of monochromatic light. All colored objects have the physical properties of absorbing certain wavelengths of visible light. When this effect occurs, the colors that propagate to the human eye are only the mixed colors of those wavelengths that are not absorbed. The color of a gem is the result of the interaction of the gem with visible light.
The selective absorption of light by gem materials is due to the presence of certain chemical elements in gems, which can be the basic chemical components of gems and trace elements in them. In gemology, the colors of gems are divided into white, other colors and false colors. The corresponding gems are divided into three types: white gems, other colors and false colors.
White gems: The element that causes color is the main chemical composition of gems. Например, железо (Fe), the color-causing element of olivine, is the main chemical composition of olivine. The color of white stones rarely changes.
Other colored gems: The element that causes the color is the trace element in the gem. Например, corundum, the chemical composition is aluminum oxide, when it is pure, it is colorless, but when it contains traces of chromium (Cr), it is red, called ruby; when it contains traces of iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) When it is blue, it is called sapphire.
Other colors are caused by the mixing of foreign impurities, and gems are usually colorless when they are pure.
False-color gemstones: The color is not directly related to the chemical composition of the gemstone. Some structural characteristics of the gemstone, such as inclusions, parallel cleavage and other light refraction and reflection, make the gemstone produce color.
Color quality, насыщенность, and brightness are the three elements of color, and different colors can be distinguished from each other by these three elements.
Color quality: The attribute of a color that can be described as red, green or blue. Usually expressed by dominant wavelength.
Saturation: The purity of the color, or the degree of mixing of white light. It is usually expressed quantitatively by the ratio of shaded light and white light. Например, the color light with a saturation of 60% means that 40% of the white light is mixed in, and the color of the gem is not as bright as when it is pure.
Brightness: also known as intensity, refers to the brightness of the color, it depends on the interaction between the gem and the illuminating light and the quality of the gemstone. Brightness can be simply described as high, medium and low.
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