Gems are formed due to geological changes. Most of the gems are minerals or rocks naturally formed in the crustal rock layers, which usually take more than ten million years. Due to different geological conditions, the production area is also different, mainly depending on the mineral or rock properties formed by Baogou.
Minerals have a fixed chemical composition and crystal form, and most of them are rocks with a fixed crystal shape. Rocks are aggregates composed of multiple minerals, which exist in three forms: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, and change cyclically. Igneous rock is formed by the rising of magma inside the earth and the solidification of the underground rock layer. The slower the cooling rate during solidification, the larger the mineral crystals formed, and the larger the crystals of gems. Kimberlite, which forms diamonds, is a kind of igneous rock. . Sedimentary rock is a rock mass formed by weathering and erosion, transported or deposited by external stress, and then lithification. En général, it has a layered structure. Gems are usually sandwiched between layers. Opal is often Gems found in sedimentary rock formations. Metamorphic rocks are composed of igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks that generate new minerals due to changes in temperature or pressure in the earth’s crust, or through melting to produce new minerals. The gem minerals formed are very heterogeneous. Jadeite is a metamorphic rock gem.
The mining of gems is mainly through mining or quarrying. The main process includes multiple processes such as excavation, collection, nettoyage, screening, affûtage, and cutting.
The physical properties of gems mainly include: couleur, transparence, glose, gravité spécifique, dureté, density, toughness, indice de réfraction, thermal conductivity, pleochroism, and special optical effects and cleavage, dispersion, etc.. Preliminary identification and identification of gems can be made according to their physical properties.
As people use gems more and more widely, their knowledge has gradually formed a science. Contemporary gemology originated in the 18th century.
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